Table of Contents
Introduction
Coffee in Saudi Arabia is often portrayed as a simple tale of tradition and hospitality. We hear about the ancient origins of coffee, the welcoming rituals of serving it to guests, and the deep connection to Yemeni coffee beans. But is there more to the story? This article aims to dig a little deeper, challenging some of the things we often hear about Saudi coffee culture.
From the history of coffee’s spread to the modern trends shaping consumption habits, we’ll examine a range of factors that have influenced how coffee is enjoyed in the Kingdom. We’ll also challenge the dominant narrative about the Yemeni influence, asking whether it’s as significant as we’ve been led to believe. By the end, you’ll have a more critical and nuanced understanding of coffee culture in Saudi Arabia, one that goes beyond the surface-level story. [2]
Examining the Historical Narrative
Coffee’s Journey: From Ethiopia to the Islamic World
The story we often hear is that coffee was discovered in Ethiopia by a goat herder named Kaldi. His goats supposedly became energised after eating coffee berries, leading to coffee’s recognition as a stimulant. While this tale is charming, it’s more folklore than fact. The true origins of coffee are unclear, but we know people were cultivating coffee in Ethiopia as far back as the 9th century. [8]
From Ethiopia, coffee made its way across the Red Sea to Yemen. Here, it flourished, and Yemen became the heart of coffee production for centuries. Sufi monasteries played a role in coffee’s early spread, using it to stay awake during prayers. However, coffee’s popularity wasn’t solely due to religious practices. Economic and political factors also propelled its expansion, with coffee becoming a valuable commodity traded across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. [5, 8]
By the 15th century, coffee had reached Mecca and Medina, and soon after, it spread throughout the Islamic world. Once coffee reached the Islamic world, it quickly became a beloved beverage. Coffeehouses, known as qahveh khaneh, sprung up in cities like Cairo, Istanbul, and Damascus. These weren’t just places to grab a drink; they were centres of social life, where people from all walks of life gathered to discuss news, play games, and listen to music. [17]
However, coffee’s stimulating effects ignited debates among religious scholars. Some argued that it was an intoxicant, similar to alcohol, and therefore forbidden under Islamic law. Others defended coffee, claiming it aided in religious practices by keeping worshippers alert during long hours of prayer. [5, 8]
These debates raged for years, with coffee being banned and unbanned in various regions at different times. Eventually, coffee gradually won over the masses, becoming firmly established in Islamic culture. Coffeehouses even earned the nickname “Schools of the Wise” due to the intellectual discussions that took place within their walls. [5]
Coffee’s integration into Islamic society went beyond just consumption. It became ingrained in rituals of hospitality, with the offering of coffee serving as a gesture of welcome and respect. Coffee also played a role in religious ceremonies, such as Ramadan, where it helped worshippers stay awake during night prayers. [5, 8]
Saudi Coffee Culture – A Deeper Look
Beyond Tradition and Hospitality
While coffee is undoubtedly a symbol of hospitality in Saudi Arabia, it’s important to acknowledge that there’s more to the story. Coffee culture in the Kingdom intertwines with social life, economic realities, and environmental concerns. [6, 11]
On the social front, coffee plays a significant role in everyday interactions. It’s often served during family gatherings, business meetings, and social events. [6, 11] However, gender roles shape the rituals surrounding coffee preparation and serving, with women traditionally taking on these tasks. [18]
Economically, coffee is a major industry in Saudi Arabia. The country is a significant importer of coffee beans, with a growing demand for specialty coffee. [3, 4] This has led to the rise of modern coffee shops, which are becoming increasingly popular among young Saudis. [3, 4] However, small-scale farmers are grappling with competition from larger producers. [15]
Environmentally, coffee production has a significant impact. Water consumption, deforestation, and the use of pesticides are just some of the environmental challenges associated with coffee cultivation. In a country with limited water resources like Saudi Arabia, these concerns are a pressing concern. [15]
Modern Trends and Their Impact
The Saudi coffee scene is experiencing a renaissance, driven by several modern trends that are reshaping how people consume and perceive coffee. [3]
In recent years, there has been a surge in specialty coffee shops across Saudi Arabia. These establishments offer a wide variety of high-quality coffee beans from around the world, expertly brewed using various methods. This trend reflects a growing appreciation for coffee as a craft and an increasing desire for unique and diverse coffee experiences. [3, 4]
Social media platforms like Instagram and Twitter play a significant role in shaping coffee consumption habits. Influencers and coffee enthusiasts share photos and reviews of their favourite cafes and brews, creating a virtual coffee community that inspires and informs. [3, 4]
However, these modern trends also have their drawbacks. The rise of specialty coffee shops can lead to gentrification and the displacement of traditional cafes. Social media, while fostering community, can also create unrealistic expectations and pressure to conform to certain aesthetic standards. [3]
The Yemeni Influence
Cultivation Techniques and Trade Routes
The narrative of Yemeni influence on Saudi coffee often emphasises the transfer of knowledge and expertise in cultivation techniques. While it’s true that Yemeni farmers have centuries of experience growing coffee, it’s important to consider that Saudi Arabia has its own unique agricultural traditions and practices. [15]
For example, Saudi farmers in regions like Jazan have adapted coffee cultivation to the harsh desert environment, developing irrigation systems and utilizing drought-resistant varieties. [15] This suggests that while Yemeni knowledge may have played a role, Saudi farmers also relied on their own ingenuity and local resources to successfully cultivate coffee.
Similarly, the narrative of Yemeni dominance in coffee trade routes warrants further examination. While Yemen was undoubtedly a major player in the coffee trade for centuries, it’s important to recognize that coffee beans also flowed through other channels. The port of Mocha served as a major hub for coffee trade, connecting the Arabian Peninsula to markets in Africa, Asia, and Europe. [16]
Furthermore, the evolving dynamics of coffee trade between Yemen and Saudi Arabia are complex. Political conflicts, economic fluctuations, and shifting trade alliances have all influenced the flow of coffee beans. While Yemen remains an important source of coffee for Saudi Arabia, it’s crucial to acknowledge the role of other countries and regions in shaping the Saudi coffee landscape. [15]
Bean Preferences and Flavour Profiles
The preference for Yemeni coffee beans in Saudi Arabia is often touted as a testament to the deep-rooted cultural connection between the two countries. While it’s true that Yemeni beans, particularly the Khawlani variety, have historically been prized for their unique flavour profile, it’s important to recognize that Saudi coffee preferences are far more diverse than this narrative suggests. [19]
Within Saudi Arabia, there’s a wide range of coffee bean preferences, shaped by regional variations, individual tastes, and evolving trends. Some Saudis prefer the fruity and floral notes of Ethiopian beans, while others enjoy the bold and earthy flavours of Indonesian varieties. The rise of specialty coffee shops has further expanded the palate of Saudi coffee drinkers, introducing them to beans from diverse origins like Kenya, Colombia, and Brazil. [7, 10, 13]
Furthermore, the preference for Yemeni coffee beans isn’t solely driven by taste. Cultural factors, marketing strategies, and even political considerations play a role in shaping consumer choices. The Yemeni coffee brand has been meticulously crafted over centuries, evoking a sense of heritage and authenticity. This branding, coupled with targeted marketing campaigns, has influenced perceptions of Yemeni coffee as a premium product. [7]
However, it’s important to note that this preference isn’t universal. Many Saudis are open to exploring coffee beans from other origins, seeking out unique flavor profiles and experiences. The growing popularity of specialty coffee shops reflects this trend, as consumers seek out a wider variety of beans and brewing methods. [7, 10, 13]
The story of Saudi coffee is a dynamic one, constantly evolving and adapting to new influences. While the Yemeni influence remains significant, it’s just one part of a whole of flavors, preferences, and cultural practices. By acknowledging this diversity, we can gain a more nuanced understanding of Saudi coffee culture and its place in the global coffee landscape.
This critical analysis of Saudi coffee culture has challenged us to look beyond the surface-level narratives and delve into the complex realities that shape how coffee is produced, consumed, and perceived in the Kingdom. From the historical origins of coffee to the modern trends reshaping consumption habits, we’ve explored a range of factors that have influenced Saudi coffee culture throughout history.
By questioning assumptions, examining historical narratives, and considering diverse perspectives, we’ve gained a deeper appreciation for the complexities of Saudi coffee culture. It’s a culture that is both rooted in tradition and open to innovation, a culture that reflects the unique social, economic, and environmental context of Saudi Arabia. As we continue to explore and engage with Saudi coffee culture, it’s essential to maintain a critical and nuanced perspective, one that acknowledges both the challenges and the opportunities that lie ahead. [2, 12]
Citations
[2] https://www.arabnews.com/node/2382216/art-culture
[3] https://www.worldcoffeeportal.com/Latest/InsightAnalysis/2023/January-%282%29/Inside-Saudi-Arabia-s-coffee-shop-boom
[4] https://perfectdailygrind.com/2023/11/saudi-arabia-coffee-shops/
[5] https://kopiluwakdirect.com/middle-east-history-culture/
[6] https://perfectdailygrind.com/2017/07/coffee-farms-guest-rites-saudi-arabias-unique-coffee-culture/
[7] https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220608-why-2022-is-the-year-of-saudi-coffee
[8] https://www.pinkjinn.com/2020/07/22/arabic-coffee-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-coffee-and-its-roots-in-the-middle-east/
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_coffee
[10] https://www.timeoutriyadh.com/food-drink/saudi-coffee
[11] https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/arabic-coffee-a-symbol-of-generosity-01074
[12] https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-15/saudi-identity
[13] https://fromcoffeewithlove.com/2022/01/23/drinking-coffee-in-riyadh/
[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia
[15] https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/02/saudi-arabia-jazan-coffee.html
[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokha
[17] https://www.ismartline.com/en/blogs/5-Interesting-Facts-about-Turkish-coffee
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawlani_Coffee_Beans
